以下是个人整理的一些 UNLOCK 1 READING & WRITING SKILLS 的学习笔记，希望可以帮到大家。大家可以在这里下本书的PDF版本：下载地址 提取码: xi4u

 

UNIT 1 PEOPLE

Nouns and verbs

words for people, places or things are nouns. Words for states or actions are verbs. Sentences have nouns and verbs.

nouns: Tom is a doctor. / He lives in New York.

verbs: Tom is a doctor. / He lives in New York.

 

Singular and plural nouns

Nouns are singular or plural. Singular means one. Plural means more than one. We use -s at the end of plural nouns.

singular nouns: Ray has a brother.

plural nouns: Engin has two brothers.

 

The verb be

The verb be has three forms in the Present simple tense: am, is, are. after I, we use am. After you, we or they, we use are. After he, she or it, we use is.

I am a student.

You are a student.

Amir is a boxer.

 

Personal pronouns

We use personal pronouns before a verb. Personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we and they. The pronouns he, she, it, we and they can also replace nouns.

I am Min Lee.

Fassal is 26. He is 26. [He = Faisal]

Busan is a city in South Korea. It is a city in South Korea.  [It = Busan]

 

Possessive determiners

Possessive determiners are my, your, his, her, its, our and their. We use possessive determiners before a noun.

My family is from London. 

Their sister is a teacher.

 

Punctuation
The first word in a sentence begins with a capital letter(A, B, C). A sentence ends with a full stop (.).

Teachers work in schools.

For some words, the first letter is always a capital letter.

name of people: My brother’s name is Orhan.

name of places: Istanbul is a big city in Turkey.

the pronoun I: I have two sisters.

 

UNIT 2 SESONS

Scanning to find infomation
Scanning means looking for information. When we scan, we don’t read every word in a text. We can scan for:

• numbers
• names of people
• names of place

Look for capital letters to find peoples and places.

 

Adjectives and nouns

Words for people, places or things are nouns. Words that describe people, place and things are adjectives. Adjectives can describe states(e.g. the weather).

The man is tall.  /  The room is cold.

 

Noun phrases

One type of noun phrase is an adjective + a noun.

noun phrases: He is a tall man. /  This is a cold room.

 

Understand a table

A table shows facts and numbers. It is easy to see facts and numbers in a table.

Decimal numbers have a full stop in them – for example, 1.1,1.7. When we say decimal numbers, we use the word point.

1.1 one point one

 

Subject and verb

A sentence is about a subject. The subject is a pronoun, a noun or a noun phrase.

pronoun: I am from beijing.

noun: My father is old.

noun phrase: The average rainfall is 22 mm.

The verb is after the subject in a sentence.

I am from beijing.

 

Prepositions

The word at, in, from and to are examples of prepositions.

 

Prepositional phrase

A prepossitional phrase is a preposition + a noun.

One type of prepositional phrase is a preposition + a noun for a place.

where: My brother lives in Abu Dhabi. I am from China.

Another type of prepositional phrase is a preposition + a noun for a season or a month.

when: It is warm in summer. It is cold in Januray.

 

Punctuation

Capital letters

For the following types of words, the first letter is always a capital letter.

names of months: April, May, June

names of days: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday

nationalities: British, Korean

names of people: Ahmad, Orhan

names of places: Turkey, London

 

UNIT 3 LIEFSTYLE

Pronouns and possessive determiners

I, you,he, she, it, we and they are personal pronouns. My, your, his, her, its and their are possessive determiners. We use possessive determiners before a noun. We can use some personal pronouns (he, she, it and they) to replace nouns.

You can match personal pronouns and possessive determiners to nouns to help you understand a text.

Faisal has a new mobile phone. It [it = new mobile phone] is amazing.

Kamile has a newcar. Her car [Her car = kamile’s car] is amazing.

 

Scanning to find information: key words

When you scan, do not read every word in a text. You can scan for key words. A key word is  an important word. We look for key words in a text to help us find the important information.

 

Collocations

A pair or small group of words which are  often used together is collocation.

One type of collocation is a verb + a noun or a verb + a noun phrase.

 I have breakfast [have + breakfast].

Abdullah studies Maths [study + Maths].

Another type of collocation is a verb + a prepositional phrase.

Abdullah goes to the cinema. [gose + to the cinema]

Abdullah relaxes with friends [relax +  with friends].

 

Subject – Verb –  Object

A sentence is about a subject. The subject is a pronoun, a noun or noun phrase. The verb is after the subject in a sentence.

subject: Li mei has lunch. / My sister cooks dinner.

verb: Li mei has lunch. / My sister cooks dinner.

A sentence can have an object. The object is a pronoun, a noun or a noun phrase. The object is after the verb.

object: Li mei has lunch. / My sister cooks dinner.

A prepositional phrase after a verb in not an object.

Abdullah studies in the library. He live in Cairo.

A pronoun, a noun or a noun phrase after is or are is not an object.

Abdullah is a student.   Melody and Ginger are students.

 

Present simple

We use the Present simple to talk about our typical lifestyle.

I have a shower every morning.

If the subject of the sentence is third person and singular (e.g. he, she, it, Adam, my cat), we add -s to the verb.

He reads books.                 Kate listens to music.

if the verb is go, we add-es, if the verb is have, we use has.

Faisal goes to the cinema on Monday evening.

My mother has breakfast at 8 am.

 

Time expressions

Time expressions say when or how often something happens. One type of time expression is every + a noun for time.

I read a book every week.        They play football every morning.

Another type of time expressions is a prepositional phrase for time. The type of phrase that follows the preposition shows which preposition to use.

• at + clock time: at 10 am, at 3 pm
• in + part of the day: in the morning, in the afternoon
• on + day of the week: on Monday, on Tuesdays
• on + day of the week + part of the day: on Monday morning. on Friday evening.

 

Spelling

In the alphabet, the vovels are a, e, i, o and u. The other letters are consonants. To make the third person sigular form of a verb in the Present simple, we need to follow spelling rules.

• We add -s if the verb ends in a consonant (e.g. read→reads) or a consonant sound(e.g. write→writes).
• We replace -y with -ies if the verb ends in a consonant + -y (e.g. study→studies)
• We add -es if the verb ends in a vowel (e.g. go→goes)
• We add -s if the verb ends in a vowel + -y (e.g. say→says)

Some verbs are irregular (e.g. have→has, be→is)

 

UNIT 4 PLACES

Reading for main ideas

Many texts have paragraphs. A paragraph is part of a lone text. Each paragraph has one topic or main idea. When we read for the main ideas in a text, we read each paragraph to find:

• the topic (e.g. family, weather, university).
• the important information about the topic (e.g. the number of brothers and sisters a person has; the average rainfall in summer; the reason a student wants to study).

Al-ldrisi’s map of the word is called the Tabula Rogeriana in Europe. The map is in Arabic. His map helped polple travel from country to country.

Alldris’s map is the topic. The important information about the topic is the name of  the map.

 

Noun phrases with of

One type of noun phrase is a noun + of +a noun.

Paris is the capital city of France.  Paris is in the centre of the contry.

 

Planning

Before you write. put your sentences in a logical order. This means putting the topic you write about in order of importance.

 

Classifying

Classifying means putting words into groups. Each group has a topic. Classfying helps you to plan you writing.

 

there is /  there are

We use there is / there are to say that something exists. We use there is before singular nouns and there are before plural nouns.

singular: This is an airport in Male.

plural: There are 30,000 works of art in the Louvre.

 

Determiners: articles

We use articles before a noun or before an adjective + noun. There are four articles: a, an, the and zero article.

We use the before the names of:

• rivers – the river Danube, the river Nile
• seas – the North sea, the Black sea
• oceans – the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean
• many famous places – the Galata Tower, the Eiffel Tower
• ‘united’ contries – the United Arab Emirates, the United States of Ameraica
• groups of islands – the Philippines, the Maldives
• groups of mountains – the Andes, the Alps

We use no article( the zero artical) before the names of:

• continents – Asia, America
• countries – England, China
• cities – Abu Dhabi, Shanghai

 

Capital letters

The first letter of the name of a city, the name of a country and the adjective for a nationality is always a capital letter.

 

UNIT 5 SPORT

Sports collocations

One type of collocation is a verb + a noun or noun phrase. Use the verbs do, play and go with nouns for sport and exercise.

Use do with martial arts and sport or excise you do alone.

I do kung-fu. We do exercises for one hour every morning. Mei does karate.

Use play with team games and sports with a ball.

I play football. He plays baseball.

Use go with -ing nouns.

I go skiing. We go swimming.

 

Prepositions

The words in, on and at are examples of prepositions. We use prepositions with particular nouns.

Adults and chilren play football in their free time.

They usually play on football fields, but sometimes they play football on the beach or in the street.

We have animals on our farm.

 

Adjectives

Adjectives describe qualities. Write adjectives:

before a noun, e.g. good climate, popular sport, famous player.

after is/are(not), e.g. Football is exciting.   Tennis is popular in my country.

 

Subject – Verb – Adjective

A sentence is about a subject. The subject is a pronoun, a noun or a noun phrase. Write the verb after the subject  in a sentence. Write a noun, a noun phrase or an adjective after the verb am/is/are (not).

Noun or noun phrase: My father is a doctor. My sister is a student.

Adjective: Television is boring. Football is exciting.

 

Subject – Verb – Adverb

Adverbs can say when(time) or where(place) something happens. Prepositional phrases can be an adverb.

time: Faisal plays tennis on Wednesday.  Rabea goes swimming in the evening.

place: Children play football in the street. I go running in the park.

 

Commas

Write commas (,) in a sentence. Commas separate parts of a sentence or things in a list. Use a comma:

• after a prepositional phrase at the beginning of a sentence
• between two nouns in a list.

In summer, we go swimming. In the evening, I watch TV.

Faisal plays football, tennis, basketball and baseball. He goes to the gym on Monday, Wednesday, Thurday and Saturday.

 

UNIT 6 JOBS

Reading for detail

Reading for detail means checking that you understand a text. One way of checking for details is to follow the stops below:

• Ask a question(e.g. Renji Hospital trains nurse – is this true or false?)
• Scan the text to find key words and sentences(e.g. Renji, train, nurses, doctor)
• Read that sentence to find the correct answer（e.g. We train and teach doctors and nurses.)

 

Adjective phrase

An adjective phrase describes the subject of the sentence. The adjective phrase is after a form of the verb to be.

One type of adjective phrase is very + an adjective.

Pilots have to be very Intelligent. Nurse must be very kind.

Another type of adjective phrase is an adjective + and + an adjective.

Pilots must be fit and healthy. Nurse have to be kind and helpful.

Another type of adjective phrase is good at + a noun or good with + a noun.

Pilot have to be good at Maths. Nurse must be good with people.

 

must and have to

We can use must + infinitive or have to + infinitive to say that something is necessary.

Doctors must be intelligent. Doctors have to be intelligent. Doctors must have a good education. Doctors have to have a good education.

We use must + infinitive for I, you, he, she, it, we and they. We never use must to + infinitive

A nurse must be kind and helpful.

We use have to + infinitive for I, you, we and they.

Managers have to be good with people. They have to be good with people.

We use has to + infinitive for he, she and it.

A manager has to be good with people. He has to be good with people.

 

have to

We can use do not have to / does not have to + infinitive to say that something is not necessary.

We use do not have to + infinitive for I, you, we and they.

Actors do not have to be good with computers.

We use  does not have to + infinitive for he, she and it.

A film director does not have to be good at maths.

We do not use must not + infinitive to say that something is not necessary.

 

Joining sentences with and

A sentence always has a subject and a verb. We use and to join two sentences that have the same subject and verb. We do not have to repeat the subject and verb if it is the same in both sentences.

Sentences 1 and 2: You have to be very friendly. You have to be good with people.

Join sentences 1 and 2 with and: You have to be very friendly and good with people.

 

Contractions

We can join two words with an apostrophe(‘). The joined word is called a contraction.

I am a doctor. → I’m a doctor

Philip is an engineer. → Philip’s an engineer.

They are architects. → They’re architects.

One kind of contraction is do not → don’t and does not → doesn’t

You do not have to be good at Maths. → you don’t have to be good at Maths.

She does not have to be strong. → She doesn’t have to be strong.

We do not usually use contractions in academic writing. We can use contractions in emails to friends.

 

UNIT 7 HOMES AND BUILDINGS

Pronouns

You can match pronouns to nouns to help you understand a text.

Skyscrapers are very tall building. They[They = skyscrapers] are usually more than 300 m tall.

 

Comparing quantities

We can compare quantities with more + a noun or a noun phrase + than. This phrase comes after the subject and the verb.

Taipei 101 has more lift than the Shanghai World Financial Center.

 

Comparative adjectives

Adjectives have three forms when we make comparisons. We use syallables to choose the correct form. A syllable is a word or part of a word with one vowel sound.

Adjectives with one or two syllables: small, old, wide, narrow, quiet.

We  add -(e)r + than.

It is smaller than Taipei 101. It is older than the Metro Centre.

Adjectives with two syllables that end a consonant + -y : ugly, busy.

Add -ier (we replace -y with -i) + than.

This hotel is uglier than that hotel.

Adjective with two or more syllables: expensive, beautiful, modern

We use more + adjective + than.

The Burj Khalifa is more modern than the Empire State Building.

 

Joining sentences with but

A sentence always has a subject and a verb. Use but to join two sentences that have a different subject.

Taipei 101 is tall. The Burj Khalifa is taller than Taipei 101.

Taipei 101 is tall but Burj Khalifa is taller.

 

Spelling: double consonants

Vowel are the letters a, e, i, o and u. The other letters in the alphabet are consonants: b, c, d, f, etc. We sometimes repeat a consonant in some comparative adjectives and some verb forms. if we repeat a consonant, we double it.

We double the consonant if:

• the word has one syllable
• the last two letters of the word are vowel + a consonant
• the last consonant is not -y

comparative adjectives: big→bigger,fat→fatter

the -ing forms of some verbs: swim→swimming, run→running

 

UNIT 8 FOOD AND CULTURE

Skimming

If you look for the main topic and idea of a text, you are skimming. When you skim. do not read every word. Read the nouns, verbs, adjectives and question words.

 

Countable and Uncountable nouns

Countable nouns can have a singular or a plural form and a singular or plural verb.

This apple is green. Some apples are red.

Uncountable nouns have a singular form and a singular verb. They do not have plural form or verb.

Fish is good for you. Rice is served with many Indian dishes.

 

Subject – Verb agreement

A sentence must have a subject and a verb. The subject  can be singular or plural. The verb must agree with the subject.

Use a singular verb form with a singular subject and a plural verb form with a plural subject.

singular: This child is happy. It is a popular dish.

plural: The children are happy. They are popular dishes.

Remember: uncountable nouns must have a singular verb form.

 

Determiners: a, an and some

Articles are a, an the and ‘The zero article’. Write articles before a noun or noun phrase.

Use the articles a /an before a singular contable noun. Do not use a / an before an uncountable noun. Use a before a consonant sound. Use an before a vowel sound.

A famous dish from Italy is risotto.

An apple is served with this dish.

You can use some before:

• a plural countable noun
• an uncountable noun

Some means ‘more than one’ before a countable noun. Some means ‘a (small) part of’ before an uncountable noun.

some dates are served with the coffee. Chefs prepare the dish with some lemons.

 

UNIT 9 ANIMALS

can and cannot

We use can + infinitive to show that an action is possible. We use cannot + infinitive to show that an action is not possible.

They can run at 112 kph.

There are birds that cannot fly.

 

Superlative adjectives

Superlative adjectives have three forms. We use syllables to choose the correct form. A syllable is a word or part of a word with one vowel sound.

Adjectives with one or two syllables: small, strange.

Write the + adjective + -est or st.

The smallest animal in the world lives in Asia. Many  of the strangest animals in the world live in Australia.

Adjectives with two syllables that end consonant + -y: deadly, friendly.

Write the + adjective + iest(replace the -y with -i and add -est)

Sharks are the deadliest animal in the sea.

Adjectives with two or more syllables: poisonous, endangered.

Write the most + adjective.

The most poisonous frog on earth lives in South America.

We can write the prepositional phrase in the + noun or on + noun after a superlative adjective + noun.

The smallest animal in the world lives in Asia.

The most poisonous frog on earth lives in South America.

 

UNIT 10 TRANSPORT

Quantifiers

Quantifiers tell us the answer to the question How many? We use quantifiers before a noun. For small numbers, we use a few, not many and some. For bigger numbers, we use many, a lot of and most.

A few people take tuk-tuks in Bangkok.

Not many people take taxis in Tokyo.

Some trains are very fast.

Many people commute from Sapporo to Tokyo.

There are a lot of taxis in Tokyo.

Most people in Bangkok drive their own cars.

 

 

Subject – Verb – Object

A sentence is about a subject. The subject is a pronoun, a noun or a noun phrase. The verb is after the subject in a sentence. A sentence can have an object. The object is a pronoun, a noun or a noun phrase. The object is after the verb.

subject: 14% of people ride motorbikes.

verb: 14% of people ride motorbikes.

object: 14% of people ride motorbikes.

A prepositional phrase is not the object of a verb.

Many students in the class travel to school by metro.

 

Linking sentences with pronouns

We use pronouns when we do not want to repeat the same noun or noun phrase in a paragraph. The pronouns he, she, it and they can replace nouns. We can use pronouns to link subjects or objects in different sentences.

subject: The pie chart shows the most popular means of transport in Bangkok. It shows the percentage of people who use each type of transport to get to work or school.

object: Many student ride motorbikes. They are not expensive.

 

Error correction

Some teachers use correction codes for errors. Look at the examples below.

[G] = grammar They is From Egypt. → They are from Egypt.

[MW] = missing word They from Egypt. → They are from Egypt.

[P] = punctuation they are from egypt → They are from Egypt.

[C] = content (is the information correct?) They are from France → They are from Egypt.

[WP] = wrong preposition They are of Egypt. → They are from Egypt.

 

与本文相关的推荐：

【学习笔记】UNLOCK 1 LISTENING & SPEAKING SKILLS

【学习笔记】UNLOCK 2 READING & WRITING SKILLS

【学习笔记】UNLOCK 2 READING & WRITING SKILLS